Clinical Pathophysiology of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus-Type 1-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis
نویسندگان
چکیده
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a human retrovirus, is the causative agent of a progressive neurological disease termed HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system and is characterized by unremitting myelopathic symptoms such as spastic paraparesis, lower limb sensory disturbance, and bladder/bowel dysfunction. Approximately 0.25-3.8% of HTLV-1-infected individuals develop HAM/TSP, which is more common in women than in men. Since the discovery of HAM/TSP, significant advances have been made with respect to elucidating the virological, molecular, and immunopathological mechanisms underlying this disease. These findings suggest that spinal cord invasion by HTLV-1-infected T cells triggers a strong virus-specific immune response and increases proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine production, leading to chronic lymphocytic inflammation and tissue damage in spinal cord lesions. However, little progress has been made in the development of an optimal treatment for HAM/TSP, more specifically in the identification of biomarkers for predicting disease progression and of molecular targets for novel therapeutic strategies targeting the underlying pathological mechanisms. This review summarizes current clinical and pathophysiological knowledge on HAM/TSP and discusses future focus areas for research on this disease.
منابع مشابه
Effects of Danazol on Clinical Improvement of Patients with Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type I Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP ): A Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial
متن کامل
The Impact of Immune Response on HTLV-I in HTLV-I-Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis (HAM/TSP)
Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) is a retrovirus which is associated with adult T cells leukaemia (ATL) and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in a minority of HTLV-I-infected individuals. It is not clear why a minority of HTLV-I-infected individuals develop HAM/TSP and majority remains lifelong carriers. It seems that the interaction between the v...
متن کاملPolymorphism in the interleukin-10 promoter affects both provirus load and the risk of human t lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
To investigate candidate genes that influence the risk of HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), we analyzed 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter region. METHODS: 280 cases of HAM/TSP patients and 255 HTLV-I seropositive asymptomatic carriers (HCs) from Kagoshima, Japan were studied. All subjects gave written informed conse...
متن کاملPolymorphism in the interleukin-10 promoter affects both provirus load and the risk of human t lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
To investigate candidate genes that influence the risk of HTLV-I associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), we analyzed 6 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter region. METHODS: 280 cases of HAM/TSP patients and 255 HTLV-I seropositive asymptomatic carriers (HCs) from Kagoshima, Japan were studied. All subjects gave written informed conse...
متن کاملNeurological aspects of HIV/human T lymphotropic virus coinfection.
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 is associated with some neurologic diseases, mainly human T lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Human T lymphotropic virus type 2 has also been associated with similar cases of human T lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, but evidences for a definitive relationship are less clear...
متن کاملDefective human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) provirus in 10 Chilean seronegative patients with tropical spastic paraparesis or HTLV-I-associated myelopathy.
We studied the presence of tax and ltr genes from human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) provirus in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 15 seronegative patients with tropical spastic paraparesis or HTLV-I-associated myelopathy by PCR. Only a region of the tax gene from 10 patients was amplified. The nucleotide homologies of six Chilean isolates to the ATK-1 clone ranged betwee...
متن کامل