2. Joint Toxic Action Data for the Mixture of Concern and Component Mixtures
ثبت نشده
چکیده
Uranium and fluoride are often found in combination in the nuclear power industry, where uranium hexafluoride is used to enrich uranium mixtures to increase the activity. Upon contact with moisture, including moisture in the air, uranium hexafluoride rapidly hydrolyzes to uranyl fluoride (UO2F2) and hydrogen fluoride. As these uranium compounds see heavy industrial use, many of the studies of the toxicity of uranium have examined one or both of them. It is not possible to determine the effect of the fluoride ions in these studies on the measured toxicity of uranium; however, similar toxic effects have been noted in animal studies when uranium compounds not containing fluoride were examined, providing strong evidence that the major effects of the studies is from the uranium ion. None of the available studies of uranium and fluoride have specifically examined for the effects of fluoride; thus, the potential modulation of fluoride-induced toxic effects by uranium cannot be determined.
منابع مشابه
2. Joint Toxic Action Data for the Mixture of Concern and Component Mixtures
No studies were located that examined health effects in humans or animals exposed to threeor fourmembered mixtures of the five components of concern. No PBPK models were found for threeor fourmembered mixtures of these chemicals. The following subsections present evaluations of health effects data and discussions of mechanistic information pertinent to the joint toxic action of each pair of com...
متن کاملToxic Action Data for the Mixture of Concern and Component Mixtures
Simultaneous exposure to a mixture can cause two or more chemicals to compete for enzyme-mediated biotransformation, resulting in an inhibition of at least one of the chemicals. The inhibition is termed ‘competitive’ when the chemicals compete as substrates for the same site on an enzyme. In ‘noncompetitive inhibition’, the inhibitor binds to the enzyme, causing a change in the stereochemical a...
متن کاملToxic Action Data for the Mixture of Concern and Component Mixtures
This chapter provides a review and evaluation of the literature pertinent to joint toxic action of the mixture and its components. 2.1 Mixture of Concern Toxicological data or PBPK models were not available for the complete mixture of concern. Toxicological and mechanistic data, but no PBPK models, were available for all of the binary mixtures, but were limited. For some binary mixtures, few or...
متن کاملCumulative Risk Estimation for Chemical Mixtures
In reality, humans are always exposed to a combination of toxic substances and seldom to a single agent. Simultaneous exposure to a multitude of chemicals could result in unexpected consequences. The combined risk may lead to greater or less than a simple summation of the effects induced by chemicals given individually. Here, a method is proposed for estimating the cumulative risk which is the ...
متن کامل