On-site BIPM comparison of quantum Hall effect resistance standards and their scaling to other values

BUREAU INTERNATIONAL DES POIDS ET MESURES Comparison of Quantum Hall Effect resistance standards of the PTB and the BIPM on-going comparison BIPM.EM-K12

NIST Measurement Service for DC Standard Resistors

At the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the U.S. representation of the ohm is based on the quantum Hall effect, and it is maintained and disseminated at various resistance levels by working reference groups of standards. This document describes the measurement systems and procedures used to calibrate standard resistors and current shunts of nominal decade values in the res...

Rapport BIPM-2001/01: Instructions for ac measurements of gated QHE devices

The BIPM has developed a method using back-gates to optimize the ac behaviour of quantum Hall effect (QHE) devices. Using this method one can obtain a quantized Hall resistance featuring a low frequency coefficient, of the order of 1 to 2 parts in 10 per kHz, useful for capacitance and impedance metrology [1]. This report gives instructions for implementing the method. Although the method is ge...

Two-dimensional arrays of low capacitance tunnel junctions: general properties, phase transitions and Hall effect

We describe transport properties of two-dimensional arrays of low capacitance tunnel junctions, such as the current voltage characteristic and its dependence on external magnetic field and temperature. We discuss several experiments in which the small capacitance of the junctions plays an important role, and we also describe the methods for fabrication and measurements. In arrays where the junc...

Modulation Response and Relative Intensity Noise Spectra in Quantum Cascade Lasers

Static properties, relatively intensity noise and intensity modulation response in quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) studied theoretically in this paper. The present rate equations model consists of three equations for the electrons density in the conduction band and one equation for photons density in cavity length. Two equations were derived to calculate the noise and modulation response. Calcula...