Spinal, Epidural, and Caudal Anesthesia: Anatomy, Physiology, and Technique

Caudal epidural anesthesia: an anesthetic technique exclusive for pediatric use? Is it possible to use it in adults? What is the role of the ultrasound in this context?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Caudal epidural anesthesia is the most popular regional anesthesia technique used in children. With advanced age, only the relative difficulty in localizing the sacral hiatus limits its use. However, in adults this technique has been widely used to control chronic pain by adjuvant use of fluoroscopy. Thus, the ability to locate the hiatus and define anatomical variatio...

Preliminary comparison of lidocaine and xylazine as caudal epidural anesthesia for embryo collection in cows

Caudal Epidural Block: An Updated Review of Anatomy and Techniques

Caudal epidural block is a commonly used technique for surgical anesthesia in children and chronic pain management in adults. It is performed by inserting a needle through the sacral hiatus to gain entrance into the sacral epidural space. Using conventional blind technique, the failure rate of caudal epidural block in adults is high even in experienced hands. This high failure rate could be att...

Comparison of the application of lidocaine, lidocaine-dexamethasone and lidocaine-epinephrine for caudal epidural anesthesia in cows

The aim of the present study was to determine whether the addition of dexamethasone (DEX) or epinephrine to lidocaine (LID) altered the characteristics of anesthesia and cardiorespiratory variables following caudal epidural application in cows. Twenty adult dairy cows were randomly assigned to receive one of the treatments of LID (0.2 mg/kg), DEX (8 mg), lidocaine-dexamethasone (LIDEX; 0.2 mg/k...

Recent Advances in Epidural Analgesia

Neuraxial anesthesia is a term that denotes all forms of central blocks, involving the spinal, epidural, and caudal spaces. Epidural anesthesia is a versatile technique widely used in anesthetic practice. Its potential to decrease postoperative morbidity and mortality has been demonstrated by numerous studies. To maximize its perioperative benefits while minimizing potential adverse outcomes, t...