E-commerce Environment and Trade Promotion for Latin America: Policy Implications from East Asian and Advanced Economies’ Experiences
نویسنده
چکیده
....................................................................................... 7 Introduction........................................................................................ 9 I. E-commerce: A Need for Efficient Management ............ 11 A. Best Practices ....................................................................... 12 1. Dell Model: A Best Practice ........................................ 12 2. Toyota System: The Origin of Supply Chain Management (SCM) and its Evolution......................... 12 3. Japanese Automobile Firms: As Service-oriented Manufacturers.............................. 13 B. The Concept of Supply Chain Management (SCM)............ 13 C. The Need for Credible Infrastructure and Government Efforts ............................................................. 15 II. Prerequisites for E-commerce ............................................ 17 A. Penetration of Information and Communications Technology (ICTs): A Comparison between Asia and Latin America................................................................ 17 1. Telecommunications Infrastructure.............................. 17 2. Penetration of ICT........................................................ 18 3. Broadband .................................................................... 20 B. ICT Markets in Major Latin America Countries ................. 22 1. Argentina ...................................................................... 23 2. Brazil ............................................................................ 24 3. Chile ............................................................................. 24 4. Mexico.......................................................................... 25 C. Informatization of SMEs...................................................... 26 1. Europe .......................................................................... 26 2. Asia-Pacific .................................................................. 28 3. Latin America............................................................... 31 D. E-readiness ........................................................................... 35 E-commerce Environment and Trade Promotion for Latin America 4 III. B2C E-commerce .............................................................................................. 37 A. Market Conditions..............................................................................................................37 1. World Market Estimates .............................................................................................37 2. B2C in Developed Countries ......................................................................................38 3. B2C in Latin America ..............................................................................................39 B. Cases of Specific Industries ...............................................................................................41 1. Automobile Industry in Brazil ....................................................................................41 2. Tourism.......................................................................................................................42 C. Drivers of B2C ...................................................................................................................43 IV. B2B E-commerce ...........................................................................................................45 A. Market Estimates Worldwide.............................................................................................45 B. EDI in Asia and Latin America ..........................................................................................46 C. B2B in Asian Countries......................................................................................................49 D. B2B in Latin America Countries........................................................................................52 1. Market Estimates ........................................................................................................52 2. Attempts in Latin America .........................................................................................54 V. Facilitation of E-commerce and International Trade ...................................... 59 A. International E-commerce and Supply Chain Management...............................................60 B. Public Policies for E-commerce Promotion .......................................................................61 C. Online Trade Directory, ASP and E-marketplace: E-commerce Services for SMEs.........63 1. ASP and E-marketplace in Asia..................................................................................63 2. Online Trade Directory, ASP and E-marketplace in Latin America ..........................64 D. Initiatives for Establishment of Transnational E-commerce for Trade Facilitation...........65 1. Interconnection of E-marketplaces: Trials in Japan ...................................................65 2. Establishments of Transnational Vertical E-commerce .............................................66 3. E-finance for Business Facilitation: Cases in Colombia ............................................68 E. Trade EDI for Trade Facilitation........................................................................................68 VI. Concluding Remarks ............................................................................................................73 A. Prerequisites for E-commerce Growth ...............................................................................73 B. Policies for E-commerce Development ..............................................................................75 C. Strategies for Cultivating Latecomer Advantages..............................................................76 Bibliography ...................................................................................................................................79 Serie Comercio Internacional: Issues published .................................................................83
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