Reconstruction of gas-liquid flows using the Stochastic Estimation with a 16-channel electrode array “Bubbly flow reconstruction using the Stochastic Estimation with an electrode array”

Bubble-injection methods are considered to be a prospective approach to reduce skin-frictional drag for ships. To apply this technique for unsteady flows, we attempt to introduce a feedback loop of air injection in future applications. Hence, we wish to establish reduced order models of unsteady bubbly flows from the information at the bottom of the ship, but this must be achieved with a limited number of sensors in practice. This motivates us to develop a reconstruction technique that recovers instantaneous phase information of gas-liquid flows. This study introduces the so-called “Stochastic Estimation” and reconstructs bubble distribution based on electrical impedance. We simulate the flow at the