Ultrafast three-photon counting in a photomultiplier tube.

a comparison of current measurement with photon counting in the use of photomultiplier tubes technical reprint R/P066 a comparison of current measurement with photon counting in the use of photomultiplier tubes

Ultrafast Superconducting Single-Photon Optical Detectors and Their Applications

38 LLE Review, Volume 93 Introduction Single-photon detectors (SPD’s) represent the ultimate sensitivity limit for any quantum radiation detectors. In the visible light range, the best known and most widely used are Si avalanche photodiodes (APD’s)1 and photomultiplier tubes (PMT’s).2 The operation of photomultiplier/avalanche devices is based on the electron cascade and multiplication effect, ...

Ultrafast pulse compression by semiconductor two-photon gain.

We demonstrate experimentally the compression of femtosecond-scale pulses by two-photon gain in a compact electrically driven AlGaAs waveguide. Dynamic control of the pulse width from 240 to 140 fs is achieved by varying the current injection levels--in good agreement with the calculations. The pulse width is measured by a high-sensitivity intensity autocorrelator based on two-photon absorption...

Statistical connection of binomial photon counting and photon averaging in high dynamic range beam-scanning microscopy

Data from photomultiplier tubes are typically analyzed using either counting or averaging techniques, which are most accurate in the dim and bright signal limits, respectively. A statistical means of adjoining these two techniques is presented by recovering the Poisson parameter from averaged data and relating it to the statistics of binomial counting from Kissick et al. [Anal. Chem. 82, 10129 ...

Silicon photomultiplier (SPM) detection of low-level bioluminescence for the development of deployable whole-cell biosensors: possibilities and limitations.

Whole-cell bacterial bioreporters await miniaturized photon counting modules with high sensitivity and robust compatible hardware to fulfill their promise of versatile, on-site biosensor functionality. In this study, we explore the photon counting readout properties of the silicon photomultiplier (SPM) with a thermoelectric cooler and the possibilities of detecting low-level bioluminescent sign...