Cross-Sectional Associations Between Measures of Sleep andMarkers of GlucoseMetabolism Among Subjects With andWithout Diabetes The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Sleep Study

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was an ancillary study to the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study. Habitual sleep duration and fragmentation were estimated from 6 days of wrist actigraphy collected in 2003–2005. Insomnia was defined as self-reported difficulty falling asleep or waking up in the night three or more times per week plus average sleep efficiency of ,80% based on actigraphy. Fasting blood samples to measure glucose and insulin were collected after the sleep measures during the CARDIA clinical examination in 2005–2006. Insulin resistance was estimated using the homeostatic assessment (HOMA) method. Analyses were cross-sectional and stratified by the presence of diabetes.