early maladaptive schemas in patients with and without migraine and tension headaches

objectives: there are some comorbidity between migraine, tension headaches, and some psychological  factors including early maladaptive schemas (emss). this research aimed to identify the emss  associated with migraine and tension headaches.  methods:  the present study was of cross sectional and correlational studies. the measures included  headache disability inventory and young early maladaptive schemas questionnaire (short form). the  population of the study was tehran adult patients with migraine and tension headache aged 18 to 55  years. the final study sample included 69 participants with migraine or tension headaches and 86 non- clinical samples of both genders. after referring by psychiatrists, they were selected by convenient and  targeted sampling. the two groups were matched based on sex and education. results: migraine and tension headache sufferers and non-clinical participants were significantly  different in 9 schemas including emotional deprivation, abandonment/instability, mistrust/abuse, social  isolation/alienation, failure to achieve, enmeshment/undeveloped self, subjugation, self-sacrifice and  emotional inhibition. in addition, a series of emss could significantly predict 61 percent of the total  change in position of tension headaches or migraine group correctly. discussion: it seems that emss are important factors influencing migraine and tension headaches. the  recognition and manipulation of these schemas along with other medical therapies can result in reducing  the symptoms of the disorder.