spatial-temporal analysis of dust storm occurrence in west of iran
نویسندگان
چکیده
introduction earth has ever been exposed to environmental hazards. the hazards are continually occurring in the world in the recent years. among them, atmospheric elements have created many human and financial losses in different regions. one of the hazards is dust events and in its severe case is dust storm. it happens more frequently in arid and semiarid regions in deserts and their surrounding areas. dust events is a natural phenomenon occurring in regions that have large parts of arid and desert regions, devoid of vegetation cover and other surface coatings areas. lengthy periods of drought and principle of non-interference in nature may be the cause of this phenomenon. in addition to reducing the horizontal sight and ist effects, e.g., traffic issues, it has also many environmental impacts especially on human health. dust storms can cause transport accidents. perhaps more importantly, dust emissions from dried lake basins introduce fine particles, salts, and chemicals into the atmosphere, with a suite of health impacts, including not only respiratory complaints, but also other serious illnesses. they can also lead to particulate levels that exceed internationally recommended levels and transport allergens including bacteria and fungi. in the recent years, dust storms in western part of iran have caused various problems for people. the main objectives of this study are to monitor and assess the spatial and temporal distribution of the storms over the western of iran during the last two decades. data and case study area: the data for the analysis are including statistical data of dust (taken from meteorological organization) in daily basis during the 8-hour observation in period of twenty years (1989-2008). up to 26 stations in the western portion of iran with appropriate distribution have been selected (arak, ardebil, oroomieh, western islamabad, omidiyeh, ahvaz, ilam, abadan, parsabad, tabriz, khorramabad, khorramdareh, khoy, dezful, dehloran, zanjan, saghez, sanandaj, shahrekord, qazvin, kermanshah, makoo, mianeh, hamadan, hamadan nozheh, yasooj). materials and methods reviewing the existence trend in the data has been studied in two forms of spatial and temporal. to investigate the spatial trend in data trend analysis in arcmap10 application has been used. to achieve this, annual and monthly frequency and dust mean in all studied stations have been examined in relation to latitude and longitude. several methods have been proposed for the study of time trend in the panel data. it can be classified into parametric (t, trend analysis) and nonparametric (mann-kendall, kendall's tau spearman coefficient and sen's trend tests) methods. accordingly, the first step to choose an appropriate parametric and nonparametric method is awareness of the normal distribution of data. in this regard, the normality of the data is investigated based on kolmogorov - smirnov test (k-s test). kendall's tau correlation coefficients for all pairs, i=1,2,…n,(xi,yi), can be calculated using the following algorithm. in comparison pairs (xi,yi) with (xi,yi) hold for every i and j, if xi> xj and yi> yj. so, yi
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عنوان ژورنال:
محیط شناسیجلد ۴۰، شماره ۲، صفحات ۳۷۵-۳۸۸
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