medium dense non-cemented carbonate sand under reversed cyclic loading

carbonate materials are mostly found in tropical areas, where exploiting gas and oil resources are of high concern. their unique behavior under shear loading first was recognised during oil resources investigations in the persian gulf. off-shore structures have been placed on carbonate soils which are highly crushable.during storms cyclic loading imposes on the bases of structures lied down on seabed. cyclic loading, therefore, may trigger liquefaction phenomenon which leads to soil collapse and a catostrophic event. therefore, stability of these expensive structures need to be investigated. to this aim carbonate sand in medium dense to medium dense state was considered and its response under varied cyclic shear stress ratio was studied.