You'll never walk alone: Loneliness, religion, and politico‐economic transformation

The rise of subversive religious beliefs has been recently documented as related to the politico-economic radicalization places that feel left behind. When is traditional local institution so socio-economically inefficient in providing hope for “not walking alone” become substituted by on market hope? This article suggests a detailed methodology, linking micro and macro levels, starts from quantification individual gain religion source well-being feeling alone.” next used: (i) evaluate terms social welfare it generates, (ii) monitor this losing its beliefs, radical transformations. To illustrate I analyze socio-economic efficiency Church England predictive tool Brexit vote. Gainous, Jason, Bill Radunovich. 2008. “Religion Core Values: A Reformulation Funnel Causality.” Politics & Policy 33(1): 154–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2005.tb00213.x. Giugni, Marco, Maria T. Grasso. 2016. “How Civil Society Actors Responded Economic Crisis: Interaction Material Deprivation Perceptions Political Opportunity Structures.” 44(3): 447–72. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12157/abstract. Temple, Luke, Grasso, Barbara Buraczynska, Sotirios Karampampas, Patrick English. “Neoliberal Narrative Times Claims Analysis U.K. Press, 2007–14.” 553–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12161. El auge de las creencias religiosas subversivas se ha documentado recientemente en relación con la radicalización político-económica los lugares que sienten abandonados. ¿Cuándo es institución religiosa tradicional tan ineficiente desde el punto vista socioeconómico para brindar esperanza “no caminar solo” sea sustituida por mercado esperanza? Este artículo sugiere una metodología detallada, vincula niveles y macro, parte cuantificación ganancia religión como fuente bienestar al proporcionar sentimiento solo”. Esta utiliza continuación: evaluar términos del genera, monitorear esta perder su causa subversivas, relacionadas transformaciones político-económicas radicales. Para ilustrar metodología, analiza eficiencia socioeconómica Iglesia Inglaterra herramienta predictiva Brexit-voto. 颠覆性宗教信仰的兴起最近被记录为与“落后地区的政治经济激进化”有关。传统的地方宗教机构什么时候在提供“不独行”(not alone)希望方面如此缺乏社会经济效率，以至于被希望市场上的颠覆性宗教信仰所取代?本文提出了一种详细的方法，将微观和宏观层面联系起来，此方法将个人从宗教中获得的收益(通过提供“不独行”的感觉)量化为一种幸福来源。随后，这种微观收益被用于:(i)根据宗教机构产生的社会福利来评价该机构，以及(ii)监测该宗教机构是否被颠覆性宗教信仰夺去市场，后者与激进的政治经济转型相关。为阐明该方法，本文分析了英格兰教会的社会经济效率，将其作为英国脱欧投票的预测工具。 Evidence around globe accumulated, demonstrating are process coincides with political polarization geography (see, e.g., Costa et al., 2022; Tubadji, Wrenn, 2019, 2021). institutions either lose part associates radicalization, or new contingent believers appears chooses narrative rather than turning one. Both scenarios imply loss “market hope” eyes their “consumers.” How can estimation be implemented? And how help us predict future (i.e., Polanyian protest voting against relative deprivation favor grand transformation [Polanyi, 1944]) (a Dogville Effect1 type demand full reset current system)? Religion one oldest certainly fomented lot interest economic thought (Bénabou Bénabou Tirole, 2006; Drelichman 2021; Iannaccone, 1998; Marx, 1844; Weber, 1971). However, most models remain level only (dealing competition between institutions) explore substitutions-related choice clubs networks, once already believer (Leeson Russ, 2018; Montalvo Reynal-Querol, 2005). actual motivation per belief) opposed not believing club clearly modeled yet. People have historically known go war feelings, but peaceful times too, upbringing people world. Peaceful feelings differences attitudes were pointed out Max Weber (1905) selected ground his explanation productivity different cultures places—what economics studies. Yet, he never elaborated why we may want hold these first place. Moreover, elsewhere, (1971) again claimed our age should expected gradually disenchanted religion. Modern sociological literature contested second Weberian claim. study focused observed tendency modern world still seems experience strong which found coincide polarization, hate speech, loneliness being These widely discussed main drivers many important events recent global development (see Bray Carr Hayashi, 2022). Religiosity also increase, especially young people, when comes spread religions such Christianity, Islam, Judaism, etc. There likewise studies documenting alternative esoteric narratives nowadays (Wrenn, present argues facts reality suggest Weber's disenchantment might an over-optimistic prognosis since did factor extraordinary link effects latter utility functions at all times. regards function living one's life, often referred life satisfaction. As know, satisfaction derived way spend time divide leisure work is, therefore, question. Following certain theoretical culture, religion, voting, suggested neo-Weberian Culture-Based Development (CBD) paradigm (Tubadji, 2012, 2013, 2020), model test people's employing game altruistic Vox Populi Tubadji (2022), witchcraft vote UK. CBD accounts fact strongly driven feelings. Negative (such loneliness) (in income) derive disutilities viewed worth trading-off some income order preserve higher overall levels Using results test, further question evolution cooperative conflictual noncooperative (and does) escalate protest. do so, extend (2022) relating Buchanan's theory God (Buchanan, 1975, 2005), desire (Polanyi, 1944), macro-great-transformation expressed winning effective resetting system. In line alleviating mental pain deprivation. Additionally, draws attention role aggregate providers alone,” decreases negative externalities alone productivity, redistribution, etc.) explains public good. Representative data perceived readily available surveys quantifying costly conduct. any experienced caused system institutions, degree backlash likely sign no longer compensated rest institutional setting. Disenchanted individuals polarize radicalize attempt into found. That vantage point study. My aim estimate much religiosity increases compares effect then cost–benefit analysis institution. costs benefits evaluated case UK cost effectiveness secular clerical institutions' ability alleviate life-satisfaction-losses compared. health service.2 Finally, reverse engineering over used ascertain average trade-off religious. trade-off, according compared critical threshold Game God, predicts voter. findings very exist because—evolutionarily speaking—they satisfy alleviation various here explored deprivation) through belief. direct statistical relationship exist, apparently satisfaction, while it. interaction statistically significant. It was confirmed what pattern about typical age-related nonlinearity (U-shaped hill-shaped relationships happiness research—see Blanchflower, 2020; Blanchflower Oswald, 2008) religiosity. previous demonstrated, form socialization. above interpreted confirmation traded-off entities determine triangulation generalization “micro God,” confirming need belief motivated competitions real exploring benefit provision institutions3 shows solution more cost-efficient version service society. monitoring could inform (after engineering) tendencies developing tipping points reveal themselves via grand-transformation votes. structured follows. discuss inspiring exploration before detailing motivations data, outline novel strategy, obtain estimating use churches) serve needs population. show engineering—based institution—reveals likelihood tip due increased protest-voting. approach applied illustrated based example UK, precedes my concluding remarks. two streams field economics, shaped Karl Marx Weber. For “opium people,” instrument oppression thinking masses. thinking, doing, essentially decision making affects locality. top-down bottom-up both cases focus group, formation noted Gill (2021), seem surviving institutions. extends vein noting that, potentially, evolutionary perspective, somehow efficient serving justifies existence. Whether yet precisely estimated research. remains largely assumed modeling conducted regarding economics. generally taken perspective. perspective Marx) explain abuse prosecution witches Leeson Parro, Alternatively, following tradition, done impact migration and/or innovation 2015; Chiswick, 2010; Knack Keefer, 1997; McCleary Barro, 2006). Cornerstones Azzi–Ehrenberg (1975) participation prolific contribution Laurence Iannaccone others (1998) subsequent contributions review Iyer, 2016). generation given insight group dynamics networks believer. believe place conditions sufficiently explored. What behind religion? None old approaches deals mechanism not; i.e., not. sense, field, briefly sketched above, leaves under-specified omitting aspect God. Although acknowledged (Iannaccone Berman, 2006), (for alone”) powerful general uncertainty tools Knowing them mentally multiplier potentially affect people) merits greater deeper understanding foundations dependencies. exploration, knowledge, investigated moral calculus prospect philosopher Blaise Pascal “Pascal's Wager.” Meanwhile, mental-health disturbances, events—such divorce, significant others, loneliness—have long studied sources rational Oswald Clark, 2003). factors distinct (Kahneman Deaton, Apparently, 1998); (Cooley 2016; Mellor Freeborn, 2011). consequence, redefined Pascal's Wager where foundation whether continue associated dominant creed—which intimately proto-institution emcompassing entire context situated. Tubadji's focuses agency evoking pain. becomes unsurmountable, trading off network benefits, prefers change identity. forms expressive signal having lost everything, they choose identify rules norms narrative, self-identification witch. other words, micro-CBD endeavors switch psychological unsurmountable agency, reveals Edgeworth's-box-motivated behavior years after starting exploration. does detail, however, While extent studies, documents same period (2022). regional growth seriously (Barro McCleary, 2003; 2015, 2010). take Weberian, influence growth. They nevertheless elaborate good productivity. substantial (Isham Krekel 2019). numerous step absence goods-providing education (Berman, 2009; Hungerman, 2005; sufficient comparative goods. An large gap exists sense lack knowledge comparability medical services. Other disciplines hinted paramount socio-cultural disparity across space services (Foucault, 1961). society periods improve handling contributes toward filling quantitative information comparison health-serving sector. lately empirically well theoretically captured quantitatively transforms level. attempts address too. unified methodology achieve three gaps proposed shortly. 2020) offered multiple (voting) Greece, Netherlands 2021, Nijkamp, Indeed, human deep roots (D'Ambrosio Frick, 2007; Jones Wildman, psychology (Osborne Sibley, 2013; Wickham 2014). document level, separately. Here argue magnitude helpful concerning relative-deprivation-pain alleviation. COVID-19 pandemic created situation enclosure made quality had significantly changed own mode pandemic. Thus, past lifestyle emerged. COVID-related during countries Bragard 2022), cultural milieus traditionally play Greece Golemis 2022) Turkey Yıldırım creates excellent obtaining evidence aspects dynamics, temporal sensitivity, eventual health-related loneliness. Loneliness pre-pandemic twofold. First, objective (living alone) subjective (feeling lonely). Living measure typically U.S. literature, prevailing Australian (Burger Burlina Rodriguez-Pose, 2023). Second, there relation life—it U-shaped (Blanchflower (Blanchflower, 2020). inconclusive decreased. Based survey 15,530 respondents (the nationally representative Understanding Study), Li Wang (2020) one-third British sometimes felt lonely COVID-19. reported employment partner reduced psychiatric disorders Killgore depression suicidal ideation period. time, Luchetti trajectories individuals. Google searches suicide decreased Groarke (2021) report sleep relate unhappiness, Berniell usually isolated relatively deprived socializing) elderly actually better lockdowns, because lockdown imposed therefore empirical not, average—and entirely clear increased. We know ones—as Faith Research Centre ComRes (2017). If facto opposite, improvements previously assumed. mechanisms confirm affected final pandemic's shock overlooked Besides another famous claims moving increasingly thus becoming narratives. So, diminish contemporary generations (Weber, abundance anecdotal showing growing self-identification—from witch-self-identification, Flat Earth Society, flourishing Prosperity Gospel Studies finding support among younger segments salient (Faith ComRes, 2017). Sociologists economists along lines reasoning ultimately converge opinion hypothesis altogether failed kept grown enchantment kinds. valuable provided explaining (mostly theoretically) churches sects secularization (Finke Stark, 1992). swayed macro-implications manner 2003, Gruber 2008; North Gwin, 2004; Stark Finke, 2000). omitted (especially economics) consider transitions switches another4 status Very few considered excepting fundamental builds, will see section. reason fails rests “model” account behavior. factored in, fear falling fears apparent. persists response rationality positioning individual. serves (of alone”). Once person falls feels if despite behaved dogma, particular appeasing unsatisfied. Hence, instead religiosity, efficiently enchanting substitute narrative. “rational” ways personal circumstance inequalities accelerated “more people” less happy consistently doubt e.g.