What are elliptical galaxies made of?

What Are Grades Made Of?

T he term “grade inflation” covers a multitude of phenomena, some of which are even alleged to be sins. Continuing increases in average grades have been widely documented in many universities over the last several decades (for example, Sabot and Wakeman-Linn, 1991; Johnson, 2003). Conversely, cases of grade deflation are rare and short-lived, although in some settings, such as first-year law co...

Elliptical Galaxies

ARE ELLIPTICAL GALAXIES REALLY METAL-RICH? And, If Not, Then What?

Modes of Elliptical Galaxies

Long lived modes of elliptical galaxies can existà la van Kampen. Specific systems may possess long lived oscillations which Landau damp on time scales longer than a Hubble time. Some physical processes such as a close encounter, tidal forces from a cluster or an orbiting satellite could preferentially excite a coherent mode. These may relate to the observed faint structure in elliptical galaxi...

Dynamics of elliptical galaxies.

Elliptical galaxies were once thought to be similar in their structure and dynamics to rotationally flattened bodies like stars. The discovery that elliptical galaxies rotate much more slowly than a fluid body with the same shape has led to a qualitative change in our understanding of the dynamics of these systems. It is now believed that elliptical galaxies are fully triaxial in shape. Self-co...