Voltmeter in series?

A paramagnetic molecular voltmeter.

We have developed a general electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) method to measure electrostatic potential at spin labels on proteins to millivolt accuracy. Electrostatic potential is fundamental to energy-transducing proteins like myosin, because molecular energy storage and retrieval is primarily electrostatic. Quantitative analysis of protein electrostatics demands a site-specific spectrosc...

An electrostatic voltmeter

An electrostatic voltmeter possessing several unique features is described. The size is a minimum for such instruments, since the potential difference is applied to two electrodes, the geometrical arrangement of which is analogous to concentric spheres. The inner electrode is supported on the end of an insulating bushing introduced through the outer electrode, which is a metal can. The inner el...

What Does an AC Voltmeter Measure?

An AC voltmeter is a device that measures the (peak) oscillating current I0 across a large resistor R0 that is attached to leads whose tips, 1 and 2, may be connected to some other circuit. The reading of the voltmeter (if properly calibrated) is Vmeter = I0(R0 + Rleads) where Rleads R0. AC voltmeters typically report the root-mean-square voltage Vrms = I0(R0 +Rleads)/ √ 2 rather than I0(R0 +Rl...

Artificial Neural Network Based Neural Compensation for Vector Voltmeter

Two-Photon Voltmeter for Measuring a Molecular Electric Field**

We present a new approach for determining the strength of the dipolar solute-induced reaction field, along with the ground- and excited-state electrostatic dipole moments and polarizability of a solvated chromophore, using exclusively one-photon and two-photon absorption measurements. We verify the approach on two benchmark chromophores N,N-dimethyl-6-propionyl-2-naphthylamine (prodan) and coum...