Visualizing surface-enriched Li storage with a nanopore-array model battery

The coupling of model batteries and surface-sensitive techniques provides an indispensable platform for interrogating the vital surface/interface processes in battery systems. Here, we report a sandwich-format nanopore-array using ultrathin graphite electrode anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) film. porous framework AAO regulates contact pattern electrolyte with from inner side, while minimizing contamination on outer surface. This facilitates repetitive charge—discharge processes, where is reversibly intercalated deintercalated, also allows in-situ characterizations ion intercalation electrode. distribution profiles indicate that intercalating Li ions accumulate both surface regions graphite, generating high capacity ? 455 mAh·g?1 (theory: 372 mAh·g?1). enrichment presented herein new insights towards mechanistic understanding rational design strategies.