Viruses Introduced by Foods

Chemicals introduced in the processing of foods.

The rapidly expanding CRF01_AE epidemic in China is driven by multiple lineages of HIV-1 viruses introduced in the 1990s

OBJECTIVES We sought to comprehensively analyze the origin, transmission patterns and sub-epidemic clusters of the HIV-1 CRF01_AE strains in China. METHODS Available HIV-1 CRF01_AE samples indentified in national molecular epidemiologic surveys were used to generate near full-length genome (NFLG) sequences. The new and globally available CRF01_AE NFLG sequences were subjected to phylogenetic ...

Helical edge resistance introduced by charge puddles.

We study the influence of electron puddles created by doping of a 2D topological insulator on its helical edge conductance. A single puddle is modeled by a quantum dot tunnel coupled to the helical edge. It may lead to significant inelastic backscattering within the edge because of the long electron dwelling time in the dot. We find the resulting correction to the perfect edge conductance. Gene...

On a Foreign Body Introduced by Gunshot

Influenza B viruses with site-specific mutations introduced into the HA gene.

We have succeeded in engineering changes into the genome of influenza B virus. First, model RNAs containing the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene flanked by the noncoding sequences of the HA or NS genes of influenza B virus were transfected into cells which were previously infected with an influenza B helper virus. Like those of the influenza A viruses, the termini of influenza B virus gen...