منابع مشابه
Evolution of vertebrate opioid receptors.
The opioid peptides and receptors have prominent roles in pain transmission and reward mechanisms in mammals. The evolution of the opioid receptors has so far been little studied, with only a few reports on species other than tetrapods. We have investigated species representing a broader range of vertebrates and found that the four opioid receptor types (delta, kappa, mu, and NOP) are present i...
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Human toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) to raise innate immune responses. The human TLR family was discovered because of its sequence similarity to fruit fly (Drosophila) Toll, which is involved in an anti-fungal response. In this review, we focus on the origin of the vertebrate TLR family highlighted through functional and phylogenetic analyses...
متن کاملThe evolution of vertebrate Toll-like receptors.
The complete sequences of Takifugu Toll-like receptor (TLR) loci and gene predictions from many draft genomes enable comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis. Strong selective pressure for recognition of and response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns has maintained a largely unchanging TLR recognition in all vertebrates. There are six major families of vertebrate TLRs. This reperto...
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Photoreceptors and retinal neurons provide the earliest neural processing for vision. While the basic structure and features of receptors and retinal cells have been known for decades, recent advances in retinal imaging and in understanding retinal circuitry reveal fresh perspectives on the mechanisms that contribute to many aspects of visual function. Some of these advances explain properties ...
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This minireview provides the current status on gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors (GnRH-R) in vertebrates, from the perspective of a basal vertebrate, the sea lamprey, and provides an evolutionary scheme based on the recent advance of whole genome sequencing. In addition, we provide a perspective on the functional divergence and evolution of the receptors. In this review we use the phylog...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Science
سال: 1965
ISSN: 0036-8075,1095-9203
DOI: 10.1126/science.147.3660.913