منابع مشابه
Initial observations of the nightside ionosphere of venus from pioneer venus orbiter radio occultations.
Pioneer Venus orbiter dual-frequency radio occultation measurements have produced many electron density profiles of the nightside ionosphere of Venus. Thirty-six of these profiles, measured at solar zenith angles (chi) from 90.60 degrees to 163.5 degrees , are discussed here. In the "deep" nightside ionosphere (chi > 110 degrees ), the structure and magnitude of the ionization peak are highly v...
متن کاملSurface Evolution of Venus
This chapter contains short descriptions of material units and structures observed on the surface of Venus as well as an abbreviated history of discoveries, that led to the current knowledge of this planet’s geology. It is shown that observed units and structures are broadly similar and commonly exhibit similar age sequences in different regions of the planet, although there is debate as to wha...
متن کاملThe surface of Venus
Venus is a planet that is similar to Earth in terms of some important planetary parameters (size, mass, position in the solar system, presence of atmosphere) and different in terms of other, equally important ones (absence of an intrinsic magnetic field, large atmospheric mass, carbon dioxide composition of the atmosphere, lack of water, very high surface pressure and temperature). The surface ...
متن کاملThe nightside ionosphere of Venus under varying levels of solar Euv flux
Solar activity varied widely over the 14 year lifetime of the Pioneer Venus Orbiter, and these variations directly affected the properties of the nightside ionosphere. At solar maximum, when solar EUV was largest, the Venus ionosphere was found to extend to highest altitudes and nightward ion transport was the main source of the nightside ionosphere. At solar minimum, nightward ion transport wa...
متن کاملVenus Surface Thermal Emission Observed by VIRTIS on Venus Express
The imaging spectrometer VIRTIS is the flight spare of the instrument of the same name on the Rosetta mission. It was refitted to be part of the Venus Express mission orbiting Venus since 2006. VIRTIS can observe nightside thermal emissions at the wavelengths of several atmospheric windows. In three of these windows atmospheric transparency is sufficient to allow a measurable amount of radiatio...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Scientific Reports
سال: 2019
ISSN: 2045-2322
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38117-x