V. A few words respecting Insects and their Natural Enemies.

Chemical Communication between Phytopathogens, Their Host Plants and Vector Insects and Eavesdropping by Natural Enemies

Evolutionary adaptations in plant, microorganism and arthropod interactions are primarily studied in systems involving only two of these groups: plants and microbes, plants and arthropods, or arthropods and microbes (Biere and Tack, 2013). Beside this, it was stated recently that there is emerging evidence that three-way interactions between plants, arthropods andmicroorganisms can play a major...

Natural enemies of cypress tree mealybug planococcus vovae (nasonov)and their parasitoids in shiraz iran

Plant invaders and their novel natural enemies: who is naïve?

Introduced exotic species encounter a wide range of non-coevolved enemies and competitors in their new range. Evolutionary novelty is a key aspect of these interactions, but who benefits from novelty: the exotic species or their new antagonists? Paradoxically, the novelty argument has been used to explain both the release from and the suppression by natural enemies. We argue that this paradox c...

Symbionts modify interactions between insects and natural enemies in the field

Eukaryotes commonly host communities of heritable symbiotic bacteria, many of which are not essential for their hosts' survival and reproduction. There is laboratory evidence that these facultative symbionts can provide useful adaptations, such as increased resistance to natural enemies. However, we do not know how symbionts affect host fitness when the latter are subject to attack by a natural...

A survey of alfalfa aphids and their natural enemies in Isfahan, Iran, and the effect of alfalfa strip-harvesting on their populations

در طی دو سال (1384-1383) نمونه‌برداری از جمعیت شته‌های یونجه و دشمنان طبیعی آن‌ها در اصفهان، در مجموع 4 گونه شته و 58 گونه از دشمنان طبیعی آن‌ها شامل 45 گونه شکارگر، 11 گونه پارازیتوئید و 2 گونه کنه‌ی پارازیت جمع‌آوری و شناسایی شد. علاوه بر این، 5 گونه هیپرپارازیتوئید نیز جمع‌آوری گردید. در هر روز نمونه‌برداری، شش نمونه هر کدام شامل 20 بار تور‌زدن‌ به وسیله‌ی یک تور حشره‌گیری با قطر 38 سانتی‌مت...