Uniform blowing and suction applied to nonuniform adverse-pressure-gradient wing boundary layers

We study different flow control methods on turbulent around a NACA4412 airfoil, using resolved large-eddy simulation (LES). find that changes in total skin friction due to blowing and suction are not very sensitive pressure-gradient conditions nor the Reynolds number. However, boundary-layer thickness, intensity of wall-normal convection, fluctuations much more affected, mostly adverse-pressure-gradient conditions, as skin-friction decompositions show. Overall, we conclude it is possible simply separate effects, which important for design practical applications.