Underlying drivers of decade-long fluctuation in the global mean sea-level rise

Abstract Natural climate variability can mask the background trend of global mean sea-level (GMSL) caused by warming. Recent advances in satellite measurements and ocean heat-content estimates have enabled monitoring GMSL budget components provide insights into effects on Earth’s energy imbalance hydrology. We observed a decadal fluctuation rise, which coincides with an increasing 2010s after warming ‘hiatus’ during 2000s, demonstrated that rate rise be attributed to climate-related fluctuations heat storage Since ∼2011, has resulted additional mass gain (271 ± 89 Gt yr −1 ) from glacier-free land water increased uptake (0.28 0.17 W m −2 ), 1.4 0.4 mm . The suggested budgets highlight importance natural understanding impacts ongoing rise.