Ultrastrong, highly conductive and capacitive hydrogel electrode for electron-ion transduction

Summary Electron-ion transduction is the cornerstone for promoting emerging ionotronic devices, ranging from basic electronic elements to bioelectronics. However, with commonly used metal electrodes, electron-ion suffers high impedance, signal distortion, and poor voltage tolerance. Conductive porous electrodes could partially remedy these issues but are accompanied by mechanical weakness. Herein, a general strategy discovered ameliorate introducing conducting polymer hydrogel electrode of ultrahigh strength conductivity capacitive behavior. These features derived nanoporous conductive matrix that has ?-? interactions as both cross-linking sites electron-transfer pathways formed through surface gelation coupled chemical treatment controlled densification. This significantly decreases low-frequency impedance improves fidelity, without affecting its high-frequency response. Furthermore, excellent biocompatibility multifunctionality have also been demonstrated, showing great potential this bioelectronic applications human-machine interfaces.