Two-echelon vehicle routing problems: A literature review

In the two-echelon vehicle routing problem (2E-VRP), distribution network is split into two echelons. Different vehicles are operated on first and second echelon to maintain economies of scale adhere any restrictions that may be present in either echelon. Intermediate facilities located at borders echelons facilitate consolidation transshipment goods between Examples systems include express delivery, grocery hypermarket products distribution, multi-modal freight transportation, city logistics, e-commerce home delivery services. recent years, body literature 2E-VRP has expanded significantly. Over 60 research papers have appeared scientific so far, which underlines both academic practical relevance 2E-VRPs. this review, we structure revise all 2E-VRP. Mathematical formulations, exact heuristic solution methods, benchmark datasets used test evaluate new algorithms reviewed discussed. This survey concludes with a selected list open areas