منابع مشابه
Tumor Acidity as Evolutionary Spite
Most cancer cells shift their metabolic pathway from a metabolism reflecting the Pasteur-effect into one reflecting the Warburg-effect. This shift creates an acidic microenvironment around the tumor and becomes the driving force for a positive carcinogenesis feedback loop. As a consequence of tumor acidity, the tumor microenvironment encourages a selection of certain cell phenotypes that are ab...
متن کاملAn evolutionary analysis of the relationship between spite and altruism.
We investigate the selective pressures on a social trait when evolution occurs in a population of constant size. We show that any social trait that is spiteful simultaneously qualifies as altruistic. In other words, any trait that reduces the fitness of less related individuals necessarily increases that of related ones. Our analysis demonstrates that the distinction between "Hamiltonian spite"...
متن کاملRelative Payoffs and Evolutionary Spite — Evolutionary Equilibria in Games with Finitely Many Players
Evolutionary dynamics in games imply de–facto spiteful behavior of the players: In order to ‘survive’ the evolutionary process, players must perform better than their opponents. This means they maximize relative rather than absolute payoffs. The paper shows that there is a class of games resulting in different equilibria if played by maximizers of absolute or of relative payoffs, respectively. ...
متن کاملSpite
conserve wildlife on its 14 overseas territories, a legacy of the country's empire, which are major wildlife centres. Many of these territories are in the southern hemisphere and include the breeding sites of one third of albatrosses. " At least £10 million is needed every year to protect and restore the rich biodiversity of these remote islands, " says Graham Wynne, chief executive of the RSPB...
متن کاملSpite and Counter-Spite in Auctions*
The paper presents a complete information model of bidding in second price sealed bid and ascending price (English) auctions, in which potential buyers know the unit valuation of other bidders and may spitefully prefer that their rivals earn a lower surplus. Bidders with spiteful preferences should overbid in equilibrium when they know their rival has a higher value than their own, and bidders ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Cancers
سال: 2011
ISSN: 2072-6694
DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010408