Trade Impediments in Indonesia

This study investigates the effect of various types trade impediments on Indonesia's flows. We categorize tariff measures, non-tariff measures (NTMs), and lack facilitation into at-the-border behind-the-border barriers. A gravity model is applied to a panel dataset covering 177 partners from 2007 2016. shows that protection remains high, particularly due increasing use NTMs. Furthermore, also contributes costs, those associated with logistics administration. demonstrate why feasible generalized least square preferable ordinary squares pseudo-Poisson maximum likelihood when estimating using data are auto-correlated contain large number zero observations.