منابع مشابه
Birds are islands for parasites.
Understanding the mechanisms driving the extraordinary diversification of parasites is a major challenge in evolutionary biology. Co-speciation, one proposed mechanism that could contribute to this diversity is hypothesized to result from allopatric co-divergence of host-parasite populations. We found that island populations of the Galápagos hawk (Buteo galapagoensis) and a parasitic feather lo...
متن کاملHelminth defence molecules—immunomodulators designed by parasites!
HELMINTH DEFENCE MOLECULES (HDMs)—ANTIMICROBIALS OR IMMUNOMODULATORS? Parasitic helminths (worms) are one of the most successful animal groups in nature. They are large multicellular organisms and therefore cannot penetrate host cells but must reside inside tissue or organs. They infect over 1 billion people globally, mostly in tropical/sub-tropical regions, taking an enormous toll on animal an...
متن کاملAntibiotic-Producing Bacteria as a Possible Defence of Birds against Pathogenic Microorganisms
Theory strongly suggests that beneficial symbiotic bacteria could be common within birds. Our argument is based on the existence of within-host competition for resources between bacteria (i.e. bacterial interference), and on the differential effect that host fitness (i.e., reproductive success and probability of survival) has on fitness of different bacteria. If reproductive success of hosts is...
متن کاملInduction of lcc2 expression and activity by Agaricus bisporus provides defence against Trichoderma aggressivum toxic extracts
Laccases are used by fungi for several functions including defence responses to stresses associated with attack by other fungi. Laccase activity changes and the induction of two laccase genes, lcc1 and lcc2, in Agaricus bisporus were measured in response to toxic extracts of medium in which Trichoderma aggressivum, the cause of green mould disease, was grown. A strain of A. bisporus that shows ...
متن کاملThe External Parasites of Birds: a Review
Birds may harbor a great variety and numher of ectoparasites. Among the insects are biting lice (Mallophaga), fleas (Siphonaptera), and such Diptera as hippohoscid flies (Hippohoscidae) and the very transitory mosquitoes (Culicidae) and black flies (Simuliidae), which are rarely if every caught on animals since they fly off as soon as they have completed their blood-meal. One may also find, in ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Oikos
سال: 1994
ISSN: 0030-1299
DOI: 10.2307/3546161