Topical and Transdermal Drug Products

Innovative Strategies for Enhancing Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery

Abstact: Historically, the skin was thought to be a simple homogenous barrier. However, it is now known to be a highly specialised organ, and plays a key role in homeostasis. The protective properties of the skin are provided by the outermost layer, the epidermis, which safeguards against chemical, microbial, and physical attack. The exceptional barrier properties of the skin result in it being...

Transdermal and Topical Drug Administration in the Treatment of Pain.

The comprehensive treatment of pain is multidimodal, with pharmacotherapy playing a key role. An effective therapy for pain depends on the intensity and type of pain, the patients' age, comorbidities, and appropriate choice of analgesic, its dose and route of administration. This review is aimed at presenting current knowledge on analgesics administered by transdermal and topical routes for phy...

Drug crystallization - implications for topical and transdermal delivery.

INTRODUCTION Crystallization of actives in skin following topical application was suggested by studies in the 1950s and 1960s but is poorly understood. In contrast, the problem of crystallization of actives on skin and in transdermal formulations has been known for many years. AREAS COVERED With respect to crystallization in skin, this review describes early reports of a skin 'reservoir' and ...

In vitro human topical bioactive drug transdermal absorption: estradiol.

Use of the percutaneous route may avoid some of the undesirable side effects that occur following oral administration in estrogen replacement therapy. At present, knowledge of estradiol transdermal properties relating to delivery of drugs in the skin is lacking. One reason is that in the existing transport models of estradiol, the skin is regarded as a single layer. This study revealed a signif...

Bioequivalence of Topical Dermatological Drug Products