The wonderful world of intrinsic and intricate immunity responses in plants against pathogens

Plants, unlike animals, lack specialized mobile immune cells, so they do not have an adaptive system. Instead, plants can launch specific, self-tolerant responses and establish memory. Plants possess defense mechanisms that efficiently detect ward off potentially dangerous microorganisms. These start with multiple signalling processes responsible for sensation, recognition, signal collection conveying information between cells. Recognition occurs when microbial or pathogen-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs PAMPs) are detected, leading to MAMP- PAMP-triggered immunity (MTI PTI). Plant cells also recognize pathogens through effector-triggered (ETI), which relies on the function of pathogen’s avirulence (Avr) gene-coded effector proteins host’s resistance (R) R proteins, resulting in activation apoptosis-like cell death, known as hypersensitive response. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) act a double-edged sword; either toxic versatile molecules plants. ROS generation is integral part hormone regulation plant mechanisms. hormones implicated pathways; salicylic acid, jasmonic ethylene been increasingly studied pathogens. innate system components interact each other provide protection against invading We review advances understanding aspects describe role ROS, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades, modulating responses. overview how these balanced appropriate