The social costs of nitrogen

The social costs of nitrogen

Despite growing recognition of the negative externalities associated with reactive nitrogen (N), the damage costs of N to air, water, and climate remain largely unquantified. We propose a comprehensive approach for estimating the social cost of nitrogen (SCN), defined as the present value of the monetary damages caused by an incremental increase in N. This framework advances N accounting by con...

Assessing the Social and Environmental Costs of Institution Nitrogen Footprints

This article estimates the damage costs associated with the institutional nitrogen (N) footprint and explores how this information could be used to create more sustainable institutions. Potential damages associated with the release of nitrogen oxides (NOx), ammonia (NH3), and nitrous oxide (N2O) to air and release of nitrogen to water were estimated using existing values and a cost per unit of ...

The Relationship between Corporate social Responsibility and Equity Costs, Considering the Protection of Investors

The cost of equity plays a crucial role in financing and investment decisions. Investors tend to invest in stocks of companies which their cost of equity is low, therefore, factors affecting the cost of equity are important from both theoretical and practical point of view. Corporate social responsibility activities can reduce equity costs. But this can be achieved within the mechanism of prote...

The Social Costs of Umemployment

Suicide rates in the United States have been steadily rising in proportion to other causes of death. The high incidence of suicidal behavior constitutes a major social and public health problems. The unemployment rate above the natural unemployment rate involves economic and social costs. The development of suicide prevention programs at the federal, state, and local levels has occurred to prev...

the social costs of incarceration