The Gastrointestinal Microbiota as a Potential Cause and Target in Chronic Kidney Disease Accentuating Treatment and Intervention Strategies

Dysbiosis and impaired gastrointestinal barrier function have emerged as potential chronic kidney disease (CKD) modulators. Accumulation of gut-derived uremic toxins, a subsequent shift in the gut microbiome, modified expression levels intestinal tight junction proteins are all contributing factors to hyperpermeability endotoxemia CKD. Experimental studies animals provide evidence that renal decline is linked health pharmacological or dietary intervention might attenuate this process. In review, we will highlight current knowledge on CKD-induced changes microbiome resulting consequences regarding with focus animal studies. Furthermore, explore possible management options linking humans, if available.