TFH memory: More or less TFH?

Regulators of Tfh Cell Differentiation

The follicular helper T (Tfh) cells help is critical for activation of B cells, antibody class switching, and germinal center (GC) formation. The Tfh cells are characterized by the expression of CXC chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5), ICOS, programed death 1 (PD-1), B cell lymphoma 6 (BCL-6), and IL-21. They are involved in clearing infections and are adversely linked with autoimmune diseases and als...

Common Variable Immunodeficiency and Circulating TFH

CD4+ T follicular helper cells (TFH) were assessed in adult patients with common variable immune deficiency (CVID) classified according to the presence of granulomatous disease (GD), autoimmunity (AI), or both GD and AI (Group I) or the absence of AI and GD (Group II). TFH lymphocytes were characterized by expression of CXCR5 and PD-1. TFH were higher (in both absolute number and percentage) in...

IL-4-secreting secondary T follicular helper (Tfh) cells arise from memory T cells, not persisting Tfh cells, through a B cell-dependent mechanism.

Humoral immunity requires cross-talk between T follicular helper (Tfh) cells and B cells. Nevertheless, a detailed understanding of this intercellular interaction during secondary immune responses is lacking. We examined this by focusing on the response to a soluble, unadjuvanted, pathogen-derived Ag (soluble extract of Schistosoma mansoni egg [SEA]) that induces type 2 immunity. We found that ...

(TFH) in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Rhesus Macaques May Contribute to Accumulation of TFH in Chronic Infection

Less is more… (more or less…).

In April 1981 Xerox introduced the Star 8010 workstation, the first commercial system with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) and the first to use the “desktop” metaphor to organize a user’s interactions with the computer. Despite the perception of huge progress, from the perspective of design and usage models, there has been precious little progress in the intervening years. In the tradition of ...