Testing the transport-induced environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis: The role of air and railway transport
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چکیده
منابع مشابه
Urban Transport Pollution: Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve
An inverted-U relationship between GDP per capita and three urban transport-related emissions is tested (using data from 84 cities). Per capita urban transport-related emissions of CO, VHC, and NOx increase and then decline at observed income levels—a result driven by a similar inverted-U relationship between income and emissions technology (i.e., emissions per passengerkm). However, for urban ...
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1. Introduction The environmental Kuznets curve is a hypothesized relationship between various indicators of environmental degradation and income per capita. In the early stages of economic growth degradation and pollution increase, but beyond some level of income per capita (which will vary for different indicators) the trend reverses, so that at high-income levels economic growth leads to env...
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This study investigates whether the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) relationship is supported for a measure of biodiversity risk and economic development across the United States (US). Using state-level data for all 48 contiguous states, biodiversity risk is measured using a Modified Index (MODEX). This index is an adaptation of a comprehensive National Biodiversity Risk Assessment Index. The...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Air Transport Management
سال: 2020
ISSN: 0969-6997
DOI: 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2020.101935