Synthesis of Tin Oxide Nanocrystallites with Various Calcination Temperatures using Co-Precipitation Method with Local Tin Chloride Precursor

Indonesia is one of the largest tin metal producers in world, and its derivative products chloride (SnCl4). This material has been used as a raw ingredient for production organotin compounds such methyltin mercaptide PVC (polyvinyl chloride) plastic industry heat stabilizer. On other hand, this precursor can be to synthesize SnO2 nanomaterials, which have strategic potentials, including photocatalysts solar cell applications. In study, synthesis nanocrystallites was carried out using local via co-precipitation method, followed by calcination process at temperatures 300, 400, 500, 600 °C, further usage an ETL (electron transport layer) PSC (perovskite cell) device. The basic properties characterization XRD (X-ray diffraction), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, SEM (scanning electron microscopy), while photocurrent-voltage (I-V) curve photovoltaic performance device performed semiconductor parameter analyzer. results showed that increasing temperature from 300 °C increased average crystallite size 1.19 13.75 nm decreased band gap energy 3.57 3.10 eV. highest PCE (power conversion efficiency) obtained fabricated with calcined 0.0024%. result due transmittance sample compared others; higher transmittance, better ETL, turn overall efficiency