Synthesis of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose over carbon‐based acid–base bifunctional catalyst

Carbon-based acid–base bifunctional catalyst was synthesized by the functionalization of activated carbon (AC) with 3-mercaptopropyl trimethoxysilane, 3-aminopropyl and H2SO4 via sulfhydrylation, ammonifiation, sulfonation successively. The as-prepared NH2-AC-SO3H characterized infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis Brunauer–Emmet–Teller specific area analysis, it further used for producing fuel precursor 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) from glucose. influences type, ratio groups, amount, reaction temperature, time were investigated. It found that revealed excellent activity, yield 5-HMF reached 71.8% under optimized conditions a 1.3:1 mass to glucose at 140°C 6 h in γ-valerolactone. reusability also performed, only slight decreases conversion observed, still giving 65.3% after 4 runs.