Sustainability and intermodality in humanitarian logistics: a two-stage multi-objective programming formulation

Abstract When managing crises and disasters, decision-makers face high uncertainty levels, disrupted supply chains, damaged infrastructure. This complicates delivering resources that are essential for the survival of victims. Flexible adaptable networks needed to ensure a consistent flow relief areas affected by disasters. Intermodality is valuable approach when infrastructure damaged, as it allows use different delivery modes reach demand areas. Nevertheless, involving transportation has an impact on environment. Looking at importance helping victims considering environmental humanitarian operations long-term sustainability, intermodality carbon emission reduction measures can be interesting combination. area, however, currently understudied. article introduces two-stage stochastic formulation fill gap. The model addresses facility location, resource allocation, intermodal distribution in facilities, activities, distribution. minimises costs level shortage relief. tested using case study Sinaloa, Mexico, investigate disaster findings confirm proposed diversification reduces emissions whilst achieving good performance both metrics. comparison with benchmark without suggests increase flexibility reduce CO 2 maintaining satisfaction rates.