Surrogates are just surrogates, but helpful just the same
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Biomarkers, putative surrogates, surrogates, and decision making.
T he development of new therapies is slow, expensive, and frustrating. The failure rate for new molecular entities exceeds 90%, and total research and development costs per successful new molecular entity are currently estimated to be nearly $2 billion. 1 Consternation about the complexity of therapeutic development recently prompted a major report by the President's Council of Advisors on Scie...
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I first discuss several strategies that serve as surrogates for theories in psychology: one-word explanation, redescription, drawing vague dichotomies, and data fitting. I then identify two conventions that allow these surrogates to flourish and multiply: null hypothesis testing, which makes precise hypotheses irrelevant, and the isolation of research in different disciplines, which prevents th...
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Recently, it has been demonstrated that graphical models promise some potential for expressing causal concepts, see for example Pearl (2000), Lauritzen (2001), or Dawid (2002). The causal interpretation is most direct in models based on directed acyclic graphs, whereas causal interpretation for chain graph models generally is more subtle and complex (Lauritzen and Richardson 2002). In the artic...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Breast Cancer Research
سال: 2007
ISSN: 1465-542X
DOI: 10.1186/bcr1816