Surface and Groundwater Characteristics within a Semi-Arid Environment Using Hydrochemical and Remote Sensing Techniques

The understanding of hydro systems is great importance in monitoring quantitative and qualitative changes water resources. Essaouira region at the edge Moroccan Atlantic Ocean subject to a semi-arid climate. decrease rainfall as result climate change increase exploitation surface groundwater have disrupted stability these resources threaten socio-economic environmental balance area under investigation. Climate scenarios estimate that precipitation will by 10–20% while warming increases 3 °C over next 30 years. physico-chemical parameters studied show evolution pH temperature remained stable with neutral (pH ≈ 7) hypothermal character (T < °C). For electrical conductivity, it showed an increasing trend from 2017 2020. A hydrochemical approach mineralization was controlled dissolution evaporites carbonates, cation exchange processes, seawater contamination. assessment for drinking use made comparing concentrations chemical elements standards set World Health Organization. results obtained aquifers requires treatment before being consumed, particular Cl− SO42−. Furthermore, quality irrigation evaluated based on Na% Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR). adequate agricultural purposes, especially plants adapt high salinity. processing satellite images via calculation normalized difference index (NDWI) areas following commissioning two large dams (Zerrar Igouzoullene). Despite installation hydraulic structures, drop 4.85 km2 observed beyond 2016. This situation intervention order preserve this vital resource.