Structural conditionality of proton conductivity inMmHn(XO4)(m+n)/2crystals

Sovereign Debt , Structural Adjustment , and Conditionality 1

The lack of proper enforcement mechanism for sovereign debt generates a commitment failure. As a result, a sovereign may seek to improve its position in debt renegotiations and thus evade its debt obligations by reducing exports. Conditionality seeks to provide a solution to the incentive problem by addressing the commitment failure. Formalizing this argument, we show that conditionality helps ...

Evaluation of Structural Conditionality in Imf-supported Programs

Proton conductivity in ampullae of Lorenzini jelly

In 1678, Stefano Lorenzini first described a network of organs of unknown function in the torpedo ray-the ampullae of Lorenzini (AoL). An individual ampulla consists of a pore on the skin that is open to the environment, a canal containing a jelly and leading to an alveolus with a series of electrosensing cells. The role of the AoL remained a mystery for almost 300 years until research demonstr...

Effect of adding Nanoclay (Cloisite-30B) on the Proton Conductivity of Sulfonated Polybenzimidazole

A novel sulfonated polybenzimidazole/organoclay (Cloisite-30B) (SPBI/clay) nanocomposite membranes was successfully synthesized based on aromatic diacide (1) and diaminobenzidine. Nanocomposite membranes were fabricated using 1, 4-bis (hydroxymethyl) benzene (BHMB) as cross-linker, and Cloisite-30B organoclay as the pseudo cross-linker. The cross-linked SPBI/clay nanocomposite membranes were pr...

Structural isomerism leading to variable proton conductivity in indium(III) isophthalic acid based frameworks.

Proton conductivity has been studied thoroughly in two isomeric In(III)-isophthalate based MOFs. In-IA-2D-1 is capable of showing proton conductivity (3.4 × 10(-3) S cm(-1)) under humidified conditions (98% RH), whereas In-IA-2D-2 can conduct protons (2.6 × 10(-5) S cm(-1)) under humidified as well as anhydrous conditions.