Stress-strain curves for wire arc additively manufactured steels

Interest in the use of wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) construction has increased rapidly recent years. Key to facilitating wider application is an improved understanding material behaviour. In particular, with structural design by finite element analysis mind, constitutive models describe full range stress-strain response WAAM steels are needed; development such focus present study. normal-strength generally exhibit a featuring well-defined yield point, plateau (for machined material) or slightly inclined as-built and subsequent strain hardening, while high-strength typically rounded, no distinct point plateau. This behaviour similar that conventionally-produced steels, hence can be represented analytically using existing models, but suitable modifications — quad-linear bilinear plus nonlinear hardening model two-stage Ramberg-Osgood proposed for normal- respectively. Predictive expressions standardised values input parameters required developed calibrated against comprehensive database steel coupon test results collected from literature. The experimental comprises over 600 engineering curves covers different feedstock wires, surface finishes (i.e. as-built), thicknesses, directions testing printing strategies. shown accurately predict considered incorporation into analytical, numerical structures.