Storm Time Electrified MSTIDs Observed Over Mid‐Latitude North America

First simultaneous observations of daytime MSTIDs over North America using GPS-TEC and DEMETER satellite data

A comparison of gravity wave energy observed by VHF radar and GPSMET over central North America

Monthly mean values of the kinetic energy at frequencies associated with gravity waves based on wind observations made with the VHF radar at White Sands Missile Range, New Mexico, are compared with potential energies determined using GPS/ MET soundings. The monthly mean curves of E k and E p are highly correlated, and both show minimum values in the summer season with summer to winter increases...

A Very Active Sprite-Producing Storm Observed Over Argentina

more than 400 middle-atmospheric optical discharges were observed above one large thunderstorm system over northeastern Argentina. These transient luminous events (TLEs) were imaged during the Southern Brazil Sprite Campaign, the first campaign to focus on TLEs over southern Brazil, northeastern Argentina, and Uruguay. All of the TLEs were imaged from the Brazilian Southern Space Observatory (S...

Storm-time total electron content and its response to penetration electric fields over South America

In this work the response of the ionosphere due to the severe magnetic storm of 7–10 November 2004 is investigated by analyzing GPS Total Electron Content (TEC) maps constructed for the South America sector. In order to verify the disturbed zonal electric fields in South America during the superstorm, ionospheric vertical drift data obtained from modeling results are used in the analysis. The v...

Paleobotanical evidence of Eocene and Oligocene paleoaltitudes in midlatitude western North America

Comparisons of the physiognomy of leaves from modern vegetation of known climates with that of Eocene and Oligocene fossil leaf assemblages from middle latitudes of western North America indicate paleoaltitudes comparable or higher than those at present. Using canonical correspondence analysis, a multivariate statistical approach that includes nonlinear relationships between characters and envi...