Stable <scp>Methylammonium‐Free</scp> p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells and <scp>Mini‐Modules</scp> with Phenothiazine Dimers as Hole‐Transporting Materials

During the last decade, perovskite solar technologies underwent an impressive development, with power conversion efficiencies reaching 25.5% for single-junction devices and 29.8% Silicon-Perovskite tandem configurations. Even though research mainly focused on improving efficiency of photovoltaics (PV), stability scalability remain fundamental aspects a mature technology. For n-i-p structure cells, using poly-triaryl(amine) (PTAA) as hole transport layer (HTL) allowed to achieve marked improvements in device compared other common conductors. p-i-n structure, is also routinely used dopant-free layer, but problems film growth, its limited resistance stress imperfect batch-to-batch reproducibility, hamper use upscaling. Following previous computational investigations, this work, we report synthesis two small-molecule organic layers (BPT-1,2), aiming solve above-mentioned issues allow upscale module level. By BPT-1 methylammonium-free perovskite, max. Power 17.26% 15.42% small area (0.09 cm2) mini-module size (2.25 cm2), respectively, were obtained, better reproducibility than poly-triaryl(amine). Moreover, was demonstrated yield more stable under ISOS-D1, T1, L1 accelerated life-test protocols, maximum T90 values >1000 h all tests.