Spatial inequality of inclusive wealth in China and Japan

Sustainable development requires a nondeclining growth of the productive base or comprehensive wealth an economy. We use concept inclusive (IW) to assess national and sustainability. IW comprises natural, human, produced capital. With multisource data GIS technology, this study created pixel-level database for China Japan in 2000, 2005, 2010, 2015. Using high-resolution data, we first conducted multiscalar analysis spatiotemporal pattern investigated contributions component capital change. Then, employed decomposition Theil Gini indices explore spatial inequality its driving forces. The reveals that sustainability evaluation terms is sensitive geographical scales types are spatially heterogeneous. Although increases Japan, certain regions lose within country, proportion those unsustainable areas as unit gets smaller. According analysis, distribution highly imbalanced with substantial urban–rural divide coastal-inland gap both countries, total these gaps widen from 2000 experiencing significant structural changes composition. In particular, shift capital, which most uneven, dominates increasing trend China. structure stable, while depopulation rural concentration human metropolises enhance inequality.