منابع مشابه
Some Background on Adaptive Estimation
that produce the \best ̄t" to the data. Here, n denotes the noise or ̄tting error. By the term \best ̄t," we mean the minimization of the ̄tting error in some sense. For example, typical norm or norm-like functionals used as arguments in the above minimization problem are: 2 knk1 = ess. supt jn(t)j; the L1 norm. 2 knk2 = ¡R1 0 jn(t)j2 dt¢1=2; the L2 norm (energy). 2 knk2;± = ¡R1 0 e2±tjn(t)j2 dt¢1=...
متن کاملSome background on information theory
These notes are based on a section of a full biophysics course which I teach at Princeton, aimed at PhD students in Physics. In the current organization, this section includes an account of Laughlin’s ideas of optimization in the fly retina, as well as some pointers to topics in the next lecture. Gradually the whole course is being turned into a book, to be published by Princeton University Pre...
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Opioid drugs and our brain’s endogenous opioids work primarily at mu-type opioid receptors ( R) to dampen pain signals. But because the R is expressed throughout the brain and body, R agonists can cause side effects ranging from constipation to addiction. The related delta-type opioid receptor ( R), in contrast, has more limited expression, but it is found in nociceptive sensory neurons, making...
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Most neurons in the external segment of the globus pallidus (GPe) contribute to the indirect pathway from the dorsal striatum to the output nuclei of the basal ganglia, relaying information from the striatum to the subthalamic nucleus. But 25% of GPe neurons project back to the striatum. These neurons, called arkypallidal neurons, were recently proposed to cancel movements that are in the prepa...
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Rather than being distributed evenly throughout the plasma membrane, cellular signaling proteins are concentrated in lipid rafts, which are enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol. Lipid rafts are particularly dense in neuronal membranes, as are their associated signaling proteins, which direct neuronal differentiation. Palmitoylated proteins aggregate in the detergent-resistant membrane (DRM...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Oregon Undergraduate Research Journal
سال: 2011
ISSN: 2160-617X
DOI: 10.5399/uo/ourj.1.1.1606