Somatic Embryogenesis in Spinach—A Review

A spinach-supplemented diet exerts numerous health benefits, but high levels of oxalic acid and nitrate can cause medical problems, so their should be reduced, while the vitamins phytochemicals could further increased by breeding. Conventional spinach breeding is limited very complex sex determination. However, these limitations circumvented in synergy with a biotechnological approach. Accordingly, tissue culture techniques allow rapid efficient clonal propagation selected valuable genotypes, somatic embryogenesis has been recognized as superior process for because embryos resemble zygotic therefore spontaneously develop into complete plants. Since considered recalcitrant to vitro regeneration decades, deeper insight mechanisms underlying important better understanding improvement efficiency this process. In review, comprehensive overview major factors affecting presented discussed, particular emphasis on synergistic effects α-naphthaleneacetic acid, gibberellic light, intrinsic predisposition individual seedlings embryogenesis, well expression genes encoding key enzymes involved maintenance gibberellin homeostasis endogenous gibberellins.