Solar wind bulk velocity fluctuations acting as velocity space diffusion on comoving ions

Large-scale velocity fluctuations in polar solar wind

The 3-D structure of the solar wind varies dramatically along the Sun’s activity cycle. In the present paper we focus on some properties of the polar solar wind. This is a fast, teneous, and steady flow (as compared to low-latitude conditions) that fills the high-latitude heliosphere at low solar activity. The polar wind has been extensively investigated by Ulysses, the first spacecraft to perf...

2 Velocity-space Diffusion Process

We derive explicit forms of Markovian transition probability densities for the velocity space and phase-space Brownian motion of a charged particle in a constant magnetic field. An old-fashioned problem of the Brownian motion of a charged particle in a constant magnetic field has originated from studies of the diffusion of plasma across a magnetic field [1], [2] and nowadays, together with a fr...

Scale-dependent angle of alignment between velocity and magnetic field fluctuations in solar wind turbulence

The difference between Doppler velocity and real wind velocity in single scattering from refractive index fluctuations

Scattering of electromagnetic waves by turbulence is considered. It is shown that Doppler velocity (the ratio of Doppler shift and Bragg wave number) includes two terms: The first is the mean radial velocity in the scattering volume, and the second is what we call the “correlation velocity,” caused by a correlation between the fluctuations of velocity and those of refractive index. The correlat...

Measuring Velocity Changes along a Solar Chimney

The increasing consumption of energy from fossil fuels on the one hand and the pollution created by it on the other hand has always raised the concern of replacing clean and renewable energy with fossil fuels in the human mind. Generating electricity through clean energy can be a good solution to reduce pollutants and prevent global warming. One of the most available types of renewable energy i...