Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics Simulations of Water Flow in a 90° Pipe Bend

The flow through pipe bends and elbows occurs in a wide range of applications. While many experimental data are available for such flows the literature, their numerical simulation is less abundant. Here, we present highly-resolved simulations laminar turbulent water 90° bend using Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (SPH) methods coupled to Large-Eddy Simulation (LES) model turbulence. Direct comparison with provided terms streamwise velocity profiles, turbulence intensity profiles cross-sectional maps at different stations upstream, inside downstream bend. results good agreement data. In particular, maximum root-mean-square deviations from always than ∼1.4%. Convergence measurements fluctuations achieved by quadrupling resolution necessary guarantee convergence profiles. At resolution, ∼0.8%. addition, shows that experimentally observed details secondary also very well predicted simulations.