Smoking and the gastrointestinal tract.

Aging and the gastrointestinal tract.

The aim of the present review is to summarize the most recent progress in gastroenterological topics, particularly of the upper gastrointestinal tract, which are of special interest in the elderly. The changes in oesophageal function, particularly disorders of motility, may explain, only in part, the unique clinical characteristics of oesophageal pathologies in the elderly. Dysphagia and gastro...

Stress and the gastrointestinal tract.

Stress, defined as an acute threat to homeostasis, evokes an adaptive or allostatic response and can have both a short- and long-term influence on the function of the gastrointestinal tract. The enteric nervous system is connected bidirectionally to the brain by parasympathetic and sympathetic pathways forming the brain-gut axis. The neural network of the brain, which generates the stress respo...

The Gastrointestinal Tract

THE ESOPHAGUS Anatomy Congenital Disorders Tracheoesophageal Fistula Rings and Webs Esophageal Diverticula Motor Disorders Achalasia Scleroderma Hiatal Hernia Esophagitis Reflux Esophagitis Barrett Esophagus Eosinophilic Esophagitis Infective Esophagitis Chemical Esophagitis Esophagitis of Systemic Illness Iatrogenic Cancer of Esophagitis Esophageal Varices Lacerations and Perforations Neoplasm...

Gastrointestinal tract.

The developing gastrointestinal tract from conception to adolescence is in constant direct interaction with an increasingly complex environment. This sets up the potential for unrecognized acute as well as chronic disorders, some of which may be difficult to pinpoint in a developing infant and child, given the wide variations that exist. It is startling to note how early some environmental toxi...

Ultrasound of the gastrointestinal tract