Single-pass capacitive deionization with a HNO3-modified electrode for fluoride removal

HNO3-modified activated carbon was used to make electrodes for single-pass capacitive deionization removing F- from drinking water. The optimal operating conditions F¯ removal were studied, and the performance, cycle stability, charge efficiency of electrode investigated. Based on these results, an optimization scheme proposed practical applications. After HNO3 modification, proportion micropores, specific surface area, number oxygen-containing functional groups activated-carbon increased, resulting in a significant increase capacitance electrode. Under conditions, adsorption capacity modified 13% higher than that unmodified electrode, while increased by 25% reached peak value after about 1,100 s. had good maintained 83% original 5 cycles. Optimizing time (1,500 s) desorption (900 s), 80% In addition, reduced 32%, utilization rate electric-double-layer sites optimized, reduction energy consumption per unit removal.