Simulation of CuO-water nanofluid natural convection in a U-shaped enclosure with a T-shaped baffle

Abstract The effect of aspect ratio and baffle shape on natural convection patterns in a U-shaped cavity filled with CuO water-based nanofluid is examined detail, T-shaped attached to the cold wall. To solve coupled continuity, momentum, energy equations, finite volume method used, pressure–velocity coupling iteratively solved SIMPLE algorithm. study investigates impact Rayleigh number (10 4 –10 6 ), (Ar = 0.4, 0.6), nanoparticle fraction (0 ≤ ϕ 0.05) flow pattern heat transfer features. results are presented graphically form streamlines, isotherms, mean, local Nusselt numbers. It observed that mean increases an increase number, fraction, ratio, resulting improvement transfer. enhances compared other baffles. Though changing (0.4 Ar 0.6) does not alter pattern, leads enhancement rate.