Short-Term Effects of Fruit Juice Enriched with Vitamin D3, n-3 PUFA, and Probiotics on Glycemic Responses: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in Healthy Adults

This study aimed to determine the glycemic index (GI) of a commercial mixed fruit juice (apple, orange, grape, and pomegranate; FJ) fortified with vitamin D3 or n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) probiotics, their combination, effects on responses salivary insulin concentrations. In randomized controlled, double-blind, crossover study, 11 healthy participants (25 ± 2 years; five women; body mass = 23 1 kg/m2) were randomly assigned receive types FJs [vitD (with D3); PUFA); probiotics Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota rhamnosus GG); vitD-n-3-probiotics FJ (combination vitD3-n-3-probiotics), control (regular FJ)], all containing 50 g available carbohydrate, glucose as reference drink. All provided low GI values (control: 54; vitD3: 52; n-3: 51; probiotics: 50; combination: 52, scale). Compared control, enriched produced different postprandial insulinemic affected satiety scores. types, regardless added biofunctional ingredients, attenuated responses, which may offer advantages control.